So, apparently, those odd and senseless vocals from the European/Japanese release of Sonic CD were actually sampled ("taken") from some other songs, especially the Boss music:
A relatively unknown early 80's disco/funk group, "Xavier," recorded a song in 1981 titled "Work That Sucker To Death."
Compare it at 0:17 seconds, to the Sonic CD Boss music at 0:07 seconds. I've tried splitting the track between left and right stereo, and found that Sega didn't do too good of a job at attempting to remove the background music: the clapping sound at the start of the word 'sucker' in the actual song can still be faintly heard in the boss music when filtering the track (which might explain why there is so much going on in this song at once). If they did indeed use more samples in other songs, they might of probably taken it from this compilation album that was created around the same time as Sonic CD -- I haven't gone through every song on there, though.
Also, maybe it's me, but the beginning of the track for Metallic Madness (Bad Future), sounds an awful lot like the beginning of the Axel F theme from Beverly Hills Cop... compared to the background song of the aforementioned stage.